A direct consequence of the Excise Act of 1823, several of Scotland’s 170-odd active distilleries are celebrating their bicentennial this year.
The law — a turning point in the history of whisky — established a legal framework for its production and distribution.
Cardhu, Fettercairn, Glenlivet, and Mortlach were founded in short order, followed by Ben Nevis, Edradour, and Pulteney. Farms that illegally distilled malt whisky, such as Balmenach, Miltonduff, and Macallan (known then as Elchies Distillery), were also granted official licences.
Read more
The whisky boom led to distilleries evolving in some notable ways. Whereas early facilities were but modest farm buildings with rudimentary artisanal equipment, the 19th century was the age of industrialisation. With their whitewashed facades, slate roofs, and brick chimneys, distilleries founded in the Victorian era (such as Benromach) stand as relics of this golden age.
It is during this period that architect Charles Doig (1855-1918), to whom the new Artist series are dedicated, designed the pagoda chimney as a means of improving air circulation during malting. The first distillery to integrate the design was Dailuaine in 1889, followed by Benriach, Caol Ila, Glenfarclas, Macallan, Pulteney, and even Bushmills over in Ireland. Although malting floors were mostly abandoned over the course of the 20th century, the pagodas themselves remain a symbolic feature of Scottish distilleries.
Over the past 15 years, more than 44 new distilleries have opened. These include Isle of Harris (built around an innovative social model), and Gordon & MacPhail’s futuristic 2022 project dubbed The Cairn. As the old guard continues to modernise, 30-odd distilleries are currently being built across the country. Islay is of particular note: after forty years without a stillhouse, the new incarnation of Port Ellen opened in March of 2024, while neighbouring Portintruan — founded by world-class whisky expert Sukhinder Singh — will begin production in the Spring of 2025 and welcome its first visitors during the annual festival of the Isle of Islay (Fèis Isle) the very same year. Whether old or contemporary, futuristic or functional, the multifaceted architecture of distilleries is a testament to the dynamic and evolving nature of the whisky industry.